Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract that result from an inappropriate immune response to intestinal microbes in genetically susceptible individuals.Crohn's disease (CD) can develop in different parts of the gastrointestinal system, anywhere between the mouth and the anus. CD typically involves transmural inflammation and skip lesions. The presence of granulomata on histology is a characteristic feature seen in CD, but not in UC.In ulcerative colitis (UC), the colon usually extends a short distance from the rectum. In UC, inflammatory changes are superficial and persistent. UC is less common in children than CD.When a child has IBD, but the results of biopsy and other tests do not clearly indicate whether it is CD or UC, the condition is called IBD-unclassified (IBDU). It usually becomes clear over time whether it is CD or UC.<h2 data-block-key="862tr">Aetiology </h2>The exact cause of IBD is not yet known. Three major factors play a role in the development of IBD: heredity, bacteria, and the digestive tract's innate immune system's response. The development of IBD may be linked to the presence of specific combinations of genes in some individuals. These genes affect the inner protective lining of the intestines, altering the immune system's response to bacteria and leading to uncontrolled inflammation. Certain genes play a key role in the development of IBD at an early age in children.<h2 data-block-key="b3eje">What are important things to know about IBD?</h2>The incidence of IBD has been steadily increasing worldwide over the past several decades. Among these, the prevalence of Crohn's disease (CD) has increased more than before. Initially, this increase in IBD incidence was primarily seen in Western countries, but in recent years, increases have been reported in other countries as well. Along with the increase in overall IBD cases, the disease is now being seen more frequently in younger children.IBD in children differs from IBD in adults in several ways, particularly in the location and pattern of disease spread. For example, most children with ulcerative colitis (UC) have the entire large intestine affected at the time of diagnosis, while in a minority, inflammation is limited to the rectum. In children with Crohn's disease (CD), involvement of the upper digestive tract is much more common than in adults (at least 60% versus 5%). Children and adolescents with IBD should be cared for in a child-friendly environment, by a specialized medical team experienced in treating this disease.IBD in children and adolescents often impacts physical growth, nutritional status, and pubertal development. Nearly all children with Crohn's disease (CD) and at least half of children with ulcerative colitis (UC) have a normal weight before diagnosis. Height growth in children with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) may be affected at the time of diagnosis or afterward.This can result in a person's final height being reduced in adulthood. IBD typically becomes active during adolescence, which can delay puberty and affect its progression. All of these factors influence important aspects of the treatment and management of IBD in children and adolescents.

IBD in children causes chronic inflammation in the digestive tract, affecting growth, nutrition, and puberty. Learn about its types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.

IBD in Children

Overview